Details
- Publication date
- 21 June 2017
- Author
- European Expert Network on Economics of Education (EENEE)
- Geographical scope
- European Union
- Level of education focus
- School education
- Vocational education and training (VET)
- Thematic areas covered
- Educational attainment and participation in education
- Educational effectiveness and efficiency
- Investment in education, economic impact of education
- Quality and inclusive education for all
- Skills development
- Teachers and trainers
- Whole-school and whole-system approaches and partnerships in education
Description
This report explores the phenomenon of shadow education—private supplementary tutoring—in EU countries. It highlights growing participation and household spending, especially in Southern and Central/Eastern Europe, where public education systems are weaker.
The analysis, based on PISA data and national surveys, shows large disparities in access based on socio-economic status, educational stage, and geography. Teachers often provide private lessons, raising ethical concerns. Online tutoring is on the rise, and the practice is influenced by school type and family income.
Policy recommendations include reforming public education and regulating shadow education to ensure equity.
Author
Pawel Bukowski
Cite as
Pawel Bukowski (2017). 'Shadow Education within the European Union from the Perspective of Investment in Education', EENEE Ad hoc Report 2, 2017
